Verdi’s letters reveal that, throughout the development of the project—born in the mind of Egyptologist Auguste Mariette—, the composer’s main concern was to make the story work above all else. Whether through the exoticism of the ritual scenes or the breathtaking lyricism of such arias as “Celeste Aida,” everything becomes a means of dramatic expression. In Verdi’s own words, Aida is “more intense, more theatrical” than any of his other operas.

Libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni

It is well known that Aida was commissioned from Giuseppe Verdi by the Khedive of Egypt to mark the opening of the Suez Canal. For ten years the composer had written nothing for Italian theatres. His new operas were awaited with baited breath everywhere from London to St Petersburg and he received more for them than in his native Italy. And so it happened that one of the maestro’s greatest masterpieces was premiered in Cairo, far from any of the world’s operatic capitals. Although it had been stated that if Verdi didn’t write an opera they would turn to Wagner or to Gounod (what an amazing choice theatres had in 1870!), in Egypt they waited patiently until having turned them down twice the maestro eventually agreed to read the scenario – and he found it was a magnificent one. Then they waited some more until the immense score was ready and still more until they could get the costumes and sets from France that had been delayed at the workshops in Paris because of the Franco-Prussian War. The Cairo premiere took place on 24 December 1871. The composer did not travel to Egypt, preferring to stay in Milan for rehearsals of a production there.

In Aida Verdi succeeded in doing everything. Every image, even the episodic Messenger, is depicted sharply, the vocal roles are magnificent and almost every number of the score proved a hit. In terms of the stunning visual impact, Aida with its choruses, processions and dances is a million miles ahead of one of its direct predecessors in French grand opera – Meyerbeer’s L’Africaine. The first Cairo production was particularly luxurious, and for the famous march Verdi himself ordered six long “Egyptian” trumpets from the Milanese instrument maker Giuseppe Pelitti.

In his twenty-third opera Verdi showed himself to be conservative, wisely preferring traditional forms to innovations in composition. If one reads his letters to the librettist Antonio Ghislanzoni, it may appear that he really wanted to reject drama altogether in favour of the music. For example, in the finale Verdi only wanted singing “pure and simple”. Of course, that is not what happened. Aida is remarkable for the magnificent dramatic scenes of the protagonists – Aida, Amneris, Radames and Amonasro – and the abundance of unexpected twists in the plot. But in these two the singing is the most important and the lofty verse that accompanies it is magnificent in terms of style. Working on the scene of Amneris and the priests, Verdi told his co-creator: “Never doubt that here you are writing beautiful poetry, consistent, noble and lofty.” This is the spirit of Aida – a work that is, essentially, classical and which in terms of its tome comes close to a Greek tragedy.

The most surprising thing in Aida is its finale. Verdi said, “I would like something tender and lofty, an extremely brief duet, a farewell to life. Aida would quietly melt into Radames’ embrace. At the same time, Amneris, on her knees on the stone covering the entrance to the dungeon, would sing a kind of ‘Requiescant in pace’.” And that’s how it turned out, and the lovers walled up in the dungeon, bidding farewell to the world and worldly suffering, as if rise upwards towards the heavens. Anna Bulycheva

Act I 
Harvest time in a village. It is the middle of the day and all are resting after lunch. The young peasant Nemorino, as usual, admires from afar the beautiful Adina, the rich and capricious farmer’s daughter (Quanto и bella). Adina, a passionate reader, is perusing a volume detailing the legend of Tristan and Isolde and laughing about the story of the love potion. She then tells the story to the peasants (Della crudele Isotta). Sergeant Belcore appears; he has recently been appointed a squadron commander. He publicly declares his affections for Adina and proposes to her (Come Paride vezzoso). Adina asks him to wait a little with her answer (Non и sм facile, Adina a conquistar) and invites him inside and brings him water. The despairing Nemorino reveals his love to Adina and threatens to kill himself but Adina dissuades him. Empty-headed and carefree, she laughs at his feelings (Chiedi all'aura lusinghiera). The apothecary Dulcamara – a charlatan and phrase-monger – appears (Udite, udite, o rustici). He is selling a magic potion that cures all ills – from wrinkles to diabetes and paralysis. Nemorino rushes up to him and asks if he has Queen Isolde’s potion (L’elisir che desta amore). Delighted that he has found such a fool (Io ne son distillatore), Dulcamara sells Nemorino a bottle of Bordeaux, promising that it will work within twenty-four hours (by which time he himself will be far from the village). Nemorino, beside himself with joy, tries the potion and soon empties the bottle. He believes the potion is beginning to act (Caro elisir!). Confident that Adina will fall in love with him soon, Nemorino acts coolly. The enraged Adina agrees to marry Belcore in six days’ time. Nemorino is not at all concerned – after all, the potion will work by tomorrow (Ah! Va ben cosм!). But suddenly Belcore discovers that the next day he must depart for the war. Adina then resolves to arrange the wedding without delay. The desperate Nemorino begs her to wait (Adina credimi). But the farmer’s daughter takes her revenge on the peasant by inviting the entire village to the wedding. Nemorino is destroyed with grief (Dottore! Dottore! Soccorso! ripero!).

Act II 
The wedding banquet. The guests are drinking, enjoying themselves and singing barcaroles for two voices (La Nina Gondoliera). Adina is annoyed by Nemorino’s absence (Compita non mi par la mia vendetta). All enter the courtyard in order to sign the marriage licence and leave Dulcamara alone at the table. Nemorino appears. His despair has left him on the verge of suicide (Oh me infelice!). Dulcamara advises him to drink a little more of the magic potion. But Nemorino has no money left... He decides to become a soldier to Belcore and buy another bottle of Bordeaux with his salary (Fatti soldato e venti scudi avrai). The village maidens discover that Nemorino’s uncle has died and left him a vast fortune (Immensa ereditа). Now they see Nemorino as incredibly handsome and they begin to flirt with him. “The potion works!” the peasant rejoices, having just finished his second bottle (И questa l’opera del magico liquor). Adina sees Nemorino’s hitherto unknown success with the girls and learns that he has enlisted in the army to win her heart. After all this she could fall in love with him. Dulcamara offers her the magic potion too but Adina turns him down: she believes only her own eyes (In quest’occhi и l’elisir). Nemorino rejoices at seeing Adina’s confusion (Una furtiva lagrima). Adina gives Nemorino back the recruiting statement which she has redeemed from Belcore (Prendi: per me sei libero) and, at last, falls into his embraces (Ti giuro eterno amor). Belcore decides to try his happiness with some other woman (Pieno di donne и il mondo). And Dulcamara’s magic potion, which brings love as well as money, is now selling like hot cakes in the village...

Act I 
The Royal Palace at Memphis; Egypt and Ethiopia are at war. Radames and Ramfis enter. They discuss the rumour that the Ethiopians are planning a new attack and Ramfis discloses that the priesthood has consulted the goddess Isis as to who should lead Egypt’s forces. He looks meaningfully at Radames, but names no-one. Alone, Radames muses on forthcoming glory and the chance that it may enable him to marry Aida, a beautiful Ethiopian slave girl. Amneris enters and asks about his evident happiness. She hints at a loved one in Memphis and he looks away. She is consumed by jealousy because she loves Radames herself. Aida enters and Amneris feigns kindness to her, while noticing that Aida and Radames cannot look at one another. 
The Pharaoh enters with the court. A messenger brings news of the Ethiopians’ coming attack, led by King Amonasro who, unknown to everyone, is Aida’s father. There is a call for war. Radames is named general and given the standard by Amneris. The battle hymn concludes and the court departs. Aida is left alone in confusion, unable to pray for Radames’ victory, yet, in her love for him, wishing his safe return. 
At the Temple of Vulcan a ritual is in progress. Radames is led in by Ramfis and consecrated with his weapons at the high altar. Both invoke the blessing of the god Ptah for the campaign.

Act II 
In her apartments, Amneris awaiting the return of Radames, the man she loves and who has been victorious, and is entertained by dancers. Aida comes in with Amneris’ crown. Feigning kindness once again, Amneris hints that she knows Aida is in love with an Egyptian. She then casually mentions that Radames has been killed and Aida’s outburst reveals to her the truth. Admitting that she lied, Amneris cruelly threatens Aida who – after a moment’s defiance – vainly begs for forgiveness. Outside, the sound of the returning warriors is heard. 
In Thebes, the Pharaoh, Amneris, priests and courtiers await the arrival of Radames and his victorious army. At the end of a long procession Radames enters and is crowned victor by Amneris while the Pharaoh proclaims him the country’s saviour. Asked to name a favour, Radames requests the Ethiopian slaves be brought in. Aida recognises her father, but Amonasro whispers to her not to betray his true identity. To the Pharaoh he describes how he and his comrades fought valiantly but how their King was killed in battle. He pleads for mercy and Radames asks that the captured Ethiopians be set free. Ramfis opposes him, but eventually consents so long as the “spokesman” is kept under custody. The Pharaoh agrees, and then promises Radames the hand of his daughter in marriage. Radames will reign after him. Only Radames and Aida privately voice sorrow at the royal decree.

Act III 
At night on the banks of the Nile the sounds of chanting can be heard coming from the Temple of Isis. Amneris arrives with Ramfis to spend time before her wedding in prayer and they go into the Temple. Aida enters to meet Radames in secret. As she cannot be his, she thinks of drowning herself in the Nile. But Amonasro appears having eluded his guard, and tells Aida that she must help her country in a new uprising. She must find out from Radames the route the Egyptian army plans to take against them. At first she refuses but, eventually worn down by her father, she agrees. Amonasro hides as Radames enters, believing that if he is successful in battle a second time the Pharaoh will not oppose their marriage. Aida tells him that their only fortune together is in flight to her homeland. Eventually he yields to her, and she casually asks which route the army will take to Ethiopia. As he tells her, Amonasro steps out of the shadows, and Radames is horrified to see what he has done. Both Amonasro and Aida try to persuade him to come with them, but Amneris comes out of the Temple followed by Ramfis. Amonasro tries to stab Amneris but Radames protects her. As Aida and Amonasro escape Radames surrenders to the guards Ramfis has called.

Act IV 
In a hall in the Palace, above the underground Chamber of Justice, Amneris waits alone, torn between her love and a desire for vengeance. She sends for Radames and offers to secure a royal pardon if he will give up Aida, who has made good her escape. Radames refuses and Amneris sends him to his trial. Alone again she hears the charges against him read out and then the sentence of death. As Radames is led up she curses the priests’ cruelty. 
In the Temple tomb in which Radames has been sentenced to a live burial he awaits death. The last stone has been put in place when he hears a noise beside him. It is Aida who has stolen into the tomb to die with him. They bid each other farewell while above, in the Temple, priestesses chant and Amneris prays to Isis that Radames’ soul may rest in peace.